Summary

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• This summary is based on the review of 14 systematic review(s)/meta-analysis(es). ^[1-14]
• Glycemic Control: Linagliptin effectively reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in adults with type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular disease and in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Evogliptin showed non-inferior HbA1c reductions compared to linagliptin, and combination therapy with empagliflozin and linagliptin yielded greater HbA1c reduction than either monotherapy.
• Cardiovascular Outcomes: Linagliptin demonstrated cardiovascular safety across multiple studies, showing no increase in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events.
• Kidney Outcomes: Linagliptin did not significantly reduce the risk of composite kidney outcomes.
• Comparative Effectiveness: Linagliptin was non-inferior to other dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, including evogliptin and sitagliptin, for HbA1c reduction and cardiovascular safety, with saxagliptin as an exception due to an increased risk of heart failure.
• Common adverse events for linagliptin included nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, and hypoglycemia, with an overall incidence similar to placebo.
• Serious adverse events occurred in 4.0% of linagliptin patients compared to 5.2% in the placebo group.
• Linagliptin was associated with an increased risk of bullous pemphigoid but showed no increased risk of pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer.
• Linagliptin effectively reduced HbA1c in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes and demonstrated consistent safety and tolerability in East Asian populations, with no significant differences in adverse events compared to placebo.